Inspiring Erudition

Religio Medici / Urne-Buriall 

by Thomas Browne

 

“We carry within us the wonders we seek without us.” ― Sir Thomas Browne, 

Two of the most renowned and enduring pieces of prose from the 17th century in England are Religio Medici and Urne-Buriall, written by Sir Thomas Browne. These works demonstrate Browne's singular intelligence, mastery of style, and profound reflections on faith, life, death, and the human condition. Together, these pieces provide a striking window into the thoughts of a Renaissance man pondering the eternal questions of life and the scientific discoveries of his era. 

Religio Medici is a profoundly intimate and reflective work that was first circulated in manuscript form before being published in an authorized edition in 1643. It functions as Browne's spiritual autobiography, an open examination of his Christian beliefs as they relate to his work as a doctor. This was a radical undertaking in a century marked by severe religious conflict because it dared to offer a complex, accepting, and frequently contradictory understanding of belief.

Urne-Buriall is a meditation that was published in 1658.ion on mortality, memory, and the futility of human attempts to defy oblivion. The work was prompted by the discovery of ancient burial urns in Norfolk, near Browne's home, leading him to explore diverse funerary customs across history and cultures.

Reading Religio Medici and Urne-Buriall together provides a comprehensive experience of Thomas Browne's unique genius. Both works highlight his eclectic knowledge, his deeply introspective nature, and his unparalleled command of the English language. They are not easy reads, requiring patience and an appreciation for the baroque style and dense allusions. However, the reward is an encounter with a mind that effortlessly traverses the realms of science, philosophy, theology, and poetry, offering timeless insights into the human condition.

For those interested in 17th-century literature, the history of ideas, or simply magnificent prose, these two essays are indispensable. They remain a testament to Browne's enduring legacy as a singular figure in English letters. This is an inspiring work for all who love words and appreciate erudition. That does not take away from the imaginative largesse of Browne's prose. The glossary and notes included in this edition are helpful to all who are not scholars of the history of literature.

A Complex Life

The Invisible Man: 

The Life and Liberties 

of H.G. Wells 

by Michael Coren

"the literate teenager ... was free to read whatever happened to catch his interest." - Michael Coren, The Invisible Man.





Michael Coren's "The Invisible Man: The Life and Liberties of H. G. Wells" offers a provocative and often critical look at the complex life of the renowned author. Unlike many earlier biographies that tended to gloss over Wells's less admirable traits, Coren aims to present a "warts and all" portrait, challenging the perception of Wells as an unblemished utopian visionary.

Coren brings an intention to provide a more balanced, if not overtly critical, account of Wells. He aims to expose aspects of Wells's life and views that previous biographers might have omitted or downplayed. In doing so the book delves into Wells's personal life, including his numerous affairs and his often difficult relationships with women, portraying him as a "misogynistic womanizer." More significantly, Coren brings to light Wells's disturbing views on social engineering, eugenics, and, most notably, his alleged anti-Semitism, which Wells apparently defended even into the 1930s. This is a point of considerable debate and interest for many readers, as it often contradicts the commonly held image of Wells as a champion of liberal tolerance.

Coren emphasizes the paradoxes within Wells's character: a brilliant mind who could envision incredible futures and advocate for social progress (like women's suffrage), yet simultaneously held deeply problematic and intolerant personal views. I found the book to be well-researched, informative, and engaging, providing a concise yet thorough biography. It offers a fresh perspective by focusing on areas often overlooked. This is not a hagiography. It's a biography that seeks to unmask the "invisible" darker sides of H. G. Wells, prompting readers to confront the complexities and contradictions of a truly influential, yet deeply flawed, literary and social figure. I recommend it for those who want a more critical and nuanced understanding of Wells's life beyond his celebrated literary achievements.

Know Your Organism

Time, Love, Memory: 

A Great Biologist and 

His Quest for the 

Origins of Behavior 

by Jonathan Weiner

“To know your organism, you must eat it.’ Not just the flies: the pupae. And not just to horrify people, but to know.”
― Jonathan Weiner, Time, Love , Memory: A Great Biologist and His Quest for the Origins of Behavior

This book is a highly regarded examination of the state-of-the-art in genetics and its discoveries regarding the biological foundations of behavior. It won the 1999 American National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction, highlighting the life and contributions of pioneering scientist Seymour Benzer and his groundbreaking studies of fruit flies (*Drosophila*).

It serves as an engaging biography of Seymour Benzer, a gifted and somewhat eccentric scientist who invented the use of fruit flies to investigate behavior's genetic foundation. Weiner details eloquently Benzer's path from physics to phage genetics and finally to the study of *Drosophila*, demonstrating his distinct method of scientific investigation. The book focuses on the "Fly Rooms" at Caltech, where thousands of mutant fruit flies were carefully examined to learn how genes affect intricate behaviors like learning and recall (memory), courtship rituals (love), and circadian rhythms (time). Tiny creatures, with their relatively simple genetic makeup, became invaluable models for understanding fundamental biological processes that have counterparts in humans.

Beyond Benzer's individual story, "Time, Love, Memory" provides a broader historical context for the field of genetics, tracing its evolution from Gregor Mendel's pea plants to the revolutionary discoveries of DNA by Watson and Crick and the subsequent explosion of molecular biology. Weiner adeptly connects Benzer's work to these larger scientific narratives.

Weiner excels at humanizing the scientific process, offering "you-are-there" descriptions of lab life and portraying the personalities of the scientists involved. He reveals the humor, quirks, frustrations, and triumphs that are inherent to scientific discovery, making complex ideas accessible and engaging for a wide audience. He also weaves in allusions to philosophy, literature, and popular culture, enriching the narrative.

Raw and Unfiltered

The Air-Conditioned Nightmare 

by Henry Miller

“To be joyous is to be a madman in a world of sad ghosts.”
― Henry Miller








Henry Miller's The Air-Conditioned Nightmare is a provocative and often scathing critique of American society, born from his return to the United States in 1939 after a decade of self-imposed exile in Paris. Disillusioned by what he perceived as the shallow, materialistic, and culturally barren landscape of his homeland, Miller embarked on a three-year cross-country road trip, the observations from which form the basis of this memoir, first published in 1945.

Miller's central complaint is America's overwhelming obsession with material possessions and relentless pursuit of "progress" at the expense of genuine human connection, artistic expression, and spiritual fulfillment. He sees a nation "cluttered with useless objects" and a people exploited and degraded by being taught to desire these things.

Having thrived in the vibrant intellectual and artistic scene of Paris, Miller found America largely indifferent, if not hostile, to creative pursuits. He argues that artists are viewed as "moral lepers" and "economic misfits," and anything that cannot be bought or sold is debarred.

The Air-Conditioned Nightmare is not a conventional travelogue but a raw, unfiltered expression of Henry Miller's disillusionment with his homeland. While some readers may find his criticisms overly harsh or his perspectives self-indulgent, the book remains a powerful and prescient indictment of aspects of American culture that resonate even today. For fans of Miller's unique voice and unflinching social commentary, it offers a fascinating, albeit often uncomfortable, journey into the "nightmare" he perceived beneath the polished surface of America. It's often recommended for those already familiar with his other works, such as *Tropic of Cancer* and *The Colossus of Maroussi*, as it continues his exploration of the artist's struggle in a consumer-driven world.

Unique Narrative

The Late George Apley 

by John P. Marquand

“Distrust the book that reads too easily because such writing appeals more to the senses than to the intellect. Hard reading exercises the mind.”
― John P. Marquand, The Late George Apley

John P. Marquand won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938 for his brilliant work of social satire, *The Late George Apley*. Through the life of its title character, George Apley, the book provides a complex and frequently humorous look into the inflexible world of Boston Brahmin society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The novel's unique narrative structure is one of its most notable features. After George Apley passed away, a rather haughty and well-meaning family friend named Horatio Willing put together what is presented as a fictional biography. Using a variety of letters, diaries, and other private records, it seeks to paint a respectable and admiring picture of Apley. Willing's well-meaning but frequently misguided remarks are masterfully used by Marquand to subtly expose a more nuanced and occasionally tragic reality beneath the surface. The very limitations and setbacks of Apley's life are frequently brought to light by Willing's attempts to cleanse or justify Apley's early defiances or moments of true emotion. This semi-epistolary approach allows for layers of irony and subtle critique.

Marquand's genius lies in his ability to be both gently satirical and deeply sympathetic towards his characters. While he pokes fun at the pretensions and absurdities of Boston's elite, he also allows the reader to feel a profound sense of understanding and even pity for George Apley. Apley is not a villain but rather a man trapped by the very circumstances of his birth and the rigid expectations he inherited. 

The Late George Apley is a witty, incisive, and ultimately poignant character study. It offers a fascinating glimpse into a specific time and place while also exploring universal themes of identity, legacy, and the complex interplay between individual desires and societal pressures. It remains a relevant and highly regarded work of American literature for its sharp observations and its blend of humor and pathos.

Which is Happy?

Vanity Fair 

by William Makepeace Thackeray

“Which of us is happy in this world? Which of us has his desire? or, having it, is satisfied?”
― William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity Fair

Amelia Sedley and Becky Sharp, two girls with radically different personalities and temperaments, are at the heart of this long story "without a hero." By the end, I was on the verge of believing that everything in this world—or at least this novel—is "vanity." With more humor, this reminded me a little of Balzac (e.g., Cousin Bette).

The author's frequent commentary on the characters and their behavior was the book's strongest feature. The author's voice and Becky Sharp's character, who is undoubtedly one of the most memorable in all of my reading, were the two elements of the book that I found most memorable. In contrast to Dickens, the author concentrates on the personalities of the characters and the effects of their behavior and character on their lives rather than the problems of society as a whole (such as debtors' prison or education).

At times, the characters resemble puppets on a stage, and he employs them to disclose universal truths about human nature. The best example is Becky, whose self-centeredness and greed have no limits. Her unmotherly behavior toward her son reveals a more heinous side than one would anticipate from anyone other than Becky, but when it comes to the majority of the other characters, you almost don't mind because they typically deserve the treatment they receive from her.

This book examines the conflict between love and money, showing how people who rely on the generosity of others are frequently let down and that no amount of love can cover all expenses. The main reason Thackeray is able to maintain the story's interest is because Becky is intelligent and endearing despite her flaws. With a large supporting cast, he creates a world in Vanity Fair that seems not all that different from our own by delving deeply and intricately into her nature.

Theological Thought Experiment

The Great Divorce 

by C.S. Lewis

“There have been men before … who got so interested in proving the existence of God that they came to care nothing for God himself … as if the good Lord had nothing to do but to exist. There have been some who were so preoccupied with spreading Christianity that they never gave a thought to Christ.” ― C.S. Lewis, The Great Divorce

A theological thought experiment, "The Great Divorce" by C.S. Lewis is more of a profound and imaginative investigation of the afterlife than a story. It imagines a bus ride from the gloomy suburbs of Hell to the colorful foothills of Heaven. With its allegorical portrayal of sin, grace, and the ultimate, insurmountable divide between choosing self and choosing joy, this small book, which was first published in 1945, never fails to enthrall and challenge readers.

Through the eyes of an unnamed narrator, the story is told from the perspective of a grey, perpetually twilit town whose residents are petty, self-centered, and ultimately insignificant. A journey to a different nation, a place of astounding solidity and reality, is provided by a celestial bus. The "solid people"—spirits from Heaven—welcome the "ghosts" from the grey town to this celestial setting and encourage them to stay and travel towards the mountains, towards a higher reality.

The interactions between the solid spirits and the ghosts form the central plot of the book. Every encounter functions as a moving short story, highlighting a specific transgression or material attachment that keeps the ghost from accepting Heaven. Lewis deftly analyzes the subtle and sneaky ways in which people cling to their brokenness, from the whiny woman who can't let go of her right to complain to the possessive mother who confuses her obsessive love for genuine affection.

Massive Storm

Storm 

by George R. Stewart

"Over all the top of the world rested unbroken darkness like a cap." -- George Stewart, Storm.

From its beginnings as a minor atmospheric disturbance to its profound and far-reaching effects on the environment and the lives of those in its path, the novel painstakingly details the life of a massive Pacific storm. Stewart's ability to make the storm the main character is what makes him so brilliant. He names it "Maria," a practice that was not yet widely used for weather events but was later adopted by the National Weather Service of the United States, which was said to have been influenced by this book.

The story focuses on Maria's voyage across the Pacific and her arrival on the US West Coast. Stewart skillfully combines the viewpoints of a wide range of characters whose lives are upended and irrevocably changed by the storm. We witness the event from the perspectives of linemen fighting to maintain communication, meteorologists following its every step, and regular people dealing with the flood. A comprehensive picture of the storm's far-reaching effects, from flooded valleys to snow-blocked mountain passes, is produced by this multifaceted approach.

Fundamentally, "Storm" delves deeply into the idea of "man versus nature." Stewart stays away from a straightforward hostile narrative, though. Rather, he emphasizes the fragile and indisputable bond between the natural world and human civilization. Even though the storm causes havoc, it is an essential component of a larger ecological system, bringing life-giving rain to a region that is suffering from drought.

The novel's depiction of meteorological phenomena is so detailed and grounded in science that it has a lasting impact. Stewart, an English professor at the University of California, Berkeley who has a strong interest in nature, gives the story an authenticity that is both instructive and incredibly captivating. The great and terrifying beauty of the storm in all its rage is captured in his evocative and accurate prose.

Novella as Prose Poem

Orbital 

by Samantha Harvey

This novella surpasses the standard for books of its kind thanks to its remarkable start and superb writing. However, there are issues that caused me to view the book less favorably overall. These included a lack of narrative coherence and what seemed to be repetition that slowed down the story. Some have called this novel a meditation, but it might be more accurate to read it as a meditation on an experiment in space orbiting the Earth.

"Orbital," the Booker Prize-winning novel by Samantha Harvey, is a brilliant and reflective prose poem that forgoes conventional narrative in favor of a deep and personal examination of perspective, humanity, and our delicate planet. The novel, which takes place on the International Space Station (ISS) and spans a single day, follows six astronauts as they make sixteen orbits around the Earth, their memories and thoughts blending with the amazing scene below.
The undisputed star of this celestial show is Harvey's prose. She creates a lyrical and accurate stream-of-consciousness narrative in a style that has been compared to Virginia Woolf. The rich, evocative language perfectly conveys the breathtaking beauty of Earth—the "blue marble" in all its dynamic, swirling splendor—as seen from space. The familiar shapes of continents and oceans acquire a new and profound significance, and sunrises and sunsets become transient, frequent miracles.

The novel focuses more on the inner landscapes of its characters than it does on a compelling plot. Through their fragmented thoughts, we glean insights into their pasts, their families, and their motivations for venturing into the void. An Italian astronaut reflects on a promise made to a fisherman, a Russian cosmonaut carries the weight of a family legacy, and an American astronaut grapples with a recent loss. These individual stories, however, are not the central focus but rather threads in a larger tapestry of human experience, all viewed from the unique and isolating vantage point of orbit.

One point of contention is the purposeful absence of a traditional plot. "Orbital" might be a frustratingly static experience for those who are looking for a story with a clear rising action, climax, and resolution. The characters also experience a sense of transience, with their unique identities occasionally blending into a collective consciousness that speaks for all of humanity.

To criticize "Orbital" for what it is not, however, would be to miss the point of what it so brilliantly accomplishes. It is a philosophical meditation on our place in the cosmos and a novel of ideas. The artificiality of borders, the interconnectedness of all life, and the overwhelming beauty and precarity of our world are some of the profound themes Harvey explores through the astronauts' unique perspective. As the astronauts observe the real-world consequences of climate change from their divine vantage point, the environmental undertones are subtly potent.

"Orbital" is a book that simultaneously rewards and challenges patience. It is an invitation to slow down, to observe, and to contemplate. It is a deeply moving and ultimately hopeful work that reminds us of the extraordinary privilege of our existence on this "pale blue dot." Samantha Harvey's "Orbital" is a genuinely remarkable read for readers who value fine prose and are receptive to a more avant-garde and philosophical style of narrative.

Renaissance Satire

Praise of Folly 

by Erasmus

“Yet in the midst of all their prosperity, princes in this respect seem to me most unfortunate, because, having no one to tell them the truth, they are forced to receive flatterers for friends.”

― Erasmus, Praise of Folly

Written from the viewpoint of the character Folly, Erasmus' "The Praise of Folly" is a satirical and perceptive work that examines the nature of foolishness and its place in society. Erasmus highlights the value of embracing joy and simplicity while simultaneously criticizing the religious and social conventions of his day through wit and irony.

Erasmus offers a biting but humorous critique of social evils, especially in the church and among the educated elite, through the character of Folly. The book examines how embracing foolishness—in the form of joy, pleasure, and a straightforward lifestyle—can be advantageous and even essential for contentment and kinship. The book also sheds important light on the early 16th-century social and religious climate, including the shift from medieval to modern ideas.
Using irony and a first-person narrative, the book is a masterwork of satire that makes for an engaging and thought-provoking read. For readers today, the book's examination of human nature, societal imperfections, and the pursuit of happiness is still pertinent and perceptive. Even readers who are not familiar with the era will find the book to be entertaining and captivating due to Erasmus's keen wit and sense of humor.

Lastly, and possibly most importantly, "The Praise of Folly" provides an insightful perspective on the Renaissance and the shift to the Reformation.

Absurd World

The Castle 

by Franz Kafka

“It isn’t easy to understand exactly what she is saying, for one doesn’t know whether she is speaking ironically or seriously, it’s mostly serious but sounds ironic. - “Stop interpreting everything!” said K.”
 ―Franz Kafka, The Castle







Whether you read one of Kafka's diaries, short stories, or this, the final of his three novels, it's a singular experience. Even though it is incomplete, it offers you a taste of the absurdities of the contemporary world as perceived by the author. What does it all mean? The book's portrayal of bureaucracy and how it can be used to understand the contemporary capitalist economy was the main focus of my most recent reading. Even though I may disagree with the author's viewpoint, he nevertheless captures some of the annoyances of people who believed they could not survive in the world of his novel.

The Castle by Franz Kafka is a challenging yet incredibly fulfilling book. It provides a chilling and unforgettable voyage into a world where the quest for understanding and acceptance is thwarted by a wall of bureaucracy and elusive power. It is a work that is still analyzed, discussed, and ultimately disturbs and fascinates readers with its stark depiction of the human condition in the face of overwhelming and incomprehensible systems. Its incompleteness only heightens its enigmatic power. It is a difficult but necessary read for anyone interested in modernist literature and the ageless issues of alienation, power, and meaning-seeking.

Haunting and Evocative

Le Grand Meaulnes 

by Alain-Fournier

I thought too, that our youth was over and we had failed to find happiness.” ― Alain-Fournier, Le Grand Meaulnes

Henri-Alban Fournier, writing under the pseudonym Alain-Fournier, penned only one novel, but it was a work that would secure his place in the pantheon of French literature. "Le Grand Meaulnes," published in 1913 and often translated as "The Lost Estate," is a haunting and evocative tale of adolescence, love, and the elusive nature of memory.

François Seurel, the quiet and perceptive son of a rural French schoolmaster, tells the tale. The introduction of a new, gregarious student, Augustin Meaulnes, who is soon dubbed "Le Grand Meaulnes" (The Great Meaulnes) by his peers, permanently changes his peaceful life. Meaulnes is mysterious and daring, with a captivating personality that both captivates and terrifies the more sober François.

The novel's turning point is when Meaulnes, while traveling on a whim, discovers a mysterious, run-down estate where an odd and enchanted costume party is taking place. He meets the stunning and ethereal Yvonne de Galais there, amid the celebrations, and he falls madly in love with her in that brief instant. Meaulnes will spend the remainder of the book frantically attempting to rediscover the "lost estate," which, with its aura of enchantment and diminished grandeur, becomes a symbol of a perfect, almost dreamlike happiness.

The story is a gripping combination of fairy tale elements and realism; however one that is rooted in a concrete reality thanks to the realistic portrayal of the French countryside's rustic simplicity. Nonetheless, the novel is given a sense of the fantastical by the main scene at the enigmatic fête, complete with children in costume and an atmosphere of unearthly revelry. The book's timeless appeal stems from this duality, which illustrates how young imagination can elevate the commonplace to the extraordinary.

Fundamentally, "The Lost Estate" is a profound reflection on what adolescence is all about. It captures exactly the strong feelings, the passionate friendships, and the desire for adventure that characterize this developmental stage. The universal search for a lost paradise—a period of unadulterated potential that can never be fully reclaimed—is powerfully symbolized by Meaulnes's quest for the lost estate and his romanticized love for Yvonne.

Riddle of Mozart

Mozart 

by Wolfgang Hildesheimer

"The riddle of Mozart is precisely that 'the man' refuses to be a key for solving it. In death, as in life, he conceals himself behind his work."  - Wolfgang Hildesheimer






The 1977 biography of Wolfgang Hildesheimer, "Mozart," is a noteworthy and frequently contentious addition to our knowledge of the renowned composer. A complex, difficult, and profoundly human portrait of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is presented by Hildesheimer, who avoids an unduly romanticized or hagiographic approach. Decades after its publication, this portrait still sparks debate and reexamination.

Hildesheimer's work is fundamentally a demythologization. He removes the façade of the carefree genius who creates masterpieces with ease, the porcelain prodigy. Rather, he explores Mozart's imperfections, fears, and eccentricities by using a psychoanalytical lens to delve into the composer's mind. As demonstrated by the biography's candid discussion of Mozart's notorious scatological humor in his letters, this "Mozart" is not always a comfortable character; at times, he can come across as perplexing, aloof, and even uncivilized.

One of the most unique aspects of the book is that it is a "meta-biography." Hildesheimer is not satisfied with merely narrating Mozart's life story. He actively participates in and critiques the biographical writing process itself, especially the customs that have molded Mozart's reputation over the ages. He criticizes earlier biographers for projecting their own ideals onto their subject, being sentimental, and having wishful thinking. This critical attitude includes challenging long-held beliefs and conducting a thorough analysis of sources.

It is a theme-based biographical analysis of Mozart's life. Using excerpts from Mozart's letters, the author creates an engaging, though never hagiographic, account of his life and music. Mozart fans will enjoy this entertaining and well-written biography.

Living Well

Music at Midnight: 

The Life and Poetry of George Herbert 

by John Drury

“Living well is the best revenge.” ― George Herbert






Widely regarded as an important and perceptive biography, John Drury's "Music at Midnight: The Life and Poetry of George Herbert" provides a thorough and captivating examination of the 17th-century metaphysical poet. Instead of presenting a simple cradle-to-grave account, Drury skillfully combines Herbert's life story with insightful criticism of his poetry, showing how his enduring verse was significantly influenced by his own experiences, spiritual challenges, and the sociopolitical climate of early 17th-century England.

Without compromising academic rigor, Drury does a commendable job of making Herbert and his world understandable to modern readers. Both seasoned Herbert scholars and those unfamiliar with his work will find his prose appealing, often characterized as eloquent and devoid of complex academic jargon. Drury's insightful analysis of Herbert's poems, exploring their formal and stylistic mastery, theological profundity, and emotional resonance, is one of the book's main strengths. The book effectively reveals the "autobiographical implications" of Herbert's poetry, demonstrating how his poems "obviously and confessedly arise from his life experiences."

The main accomplishment of the book is the way it skillfully blends incisive literary criticism with Herbert's biography. By deftly situating readings of the poems within Herbert's life story, Drury enables readers to understand the background from which they were taken. Drury finds a balance between making the content understandable and offering an informed, in-depth account. He breaks down difficult theological concepts in an understandable way, clarifies historical context, and explains archaic language. The end product is an excellent read.

London itself

Under the Net 

by Iris Murdoch

"...I like the women in novels by James and Conrad who are so peculiarly flower-like and who are described as 'guileless, profound, confident, and trustful.' That 'profound' is good: fluttering white hands and as deep as the sea..." (p. 28)

Despite its wonderful cast of writers, eccentrics, and a glamorous actress, Iris Murdoch's debut novel, Under the Net, has a distinct feel that comes from London itself. The book has a picaresque format, with James Donaghue (Jake) narrating a series of events in the first person. Furthermore, the main character's adventures are primarily set in London, particularly in the financial districts and Holborn. Paris, another great and enigmatic city, is the setting for a few important but short scenes. Philosophical contexts are among the many other contexts in which London is depicted. She wrote, "Some parts of London are necessary, while others are contingent."

 But Murdoch's book centers on her writer-hero, Jake Donaghue, and it tells the story of London as a whole. The dedication was given to Raymond Queneau. Jake mentions taking two books in Chapter 1 when he leaves Madge's apartment: Murphy by Samuel Beckett and Pierrot mon Ami by Queneau, both of which are mentioned again in this story. Hugo Belfounder, another character, is largely based on Yorick Smythies, a student of Wittgenstein's. The epigraph from Secular Masque by John Dryden explains how the protagonist's misunderstandings cause him to relocate. Angus Wilson summed it up as "wine, women, and Wittgenstein." When all is said and done, the book is an exciting beginning to what would become a successful writing career.

Woman or a Man?

Orlando 

by Virginia Woolf

“As long as she thinks of a man, nobody objects to a woman thinking.”  ― Virginia Woolf, Orlando

One of Virginia Woolf's most creative and lighthearted books is Orlando, a stunning fusion of historical fiction, fantasy, and biography. The novel, which spans more than three centuries, centers on Orlando, a young aristocrat in Elizabethan England who, midway through the narrative, mysteriously changes into a woman and survives into the 20th century with little sign of aging. Woolf uses wit and poetic genius to explore themes of gender, identity, time, and the nature of art through this premise.

Orlando is a 16-year-old poet and courtier in Queen Elizabeth I's court at the start of the book. His travels, romantic relationships, and literary endeavors lead him to, in a fantastical turn of events, awaken as a woman in the eighteenth century. From there, Orlando struggles with the limitations placed on women, negotiates changing social roles, and develops as a writer. The story is presented as a parody of a biography, complete with a lighthearted narrator who offers commentary on both the story and the writing process. The fluidity of Orlando's identity and the passage of time are reflected in the book's structure.

Woolf explores the performative nature of gender roles and the fluidity of identity through Orlando's gender transformation. Orlando enjoys freedom and privilege as a man; as a woman, she encounters limitations but also learns new things. Woolf's examination of gender feels remarkably contemporary, questioning social norms and binary ideas. The novel also explores the elasticity of time, as Woolf uses Orlando's long life to make observations about historical shifts from Victorian repression to the modern era to Renaissance exuberance.

Disillusionment

Lost in the Meritocracy: 

The Undereducation of an Overachiever 

by Walter Kirn

"'I won a nice fellowship, Uncle Admiral. To Oxford. I know you always loved London'."






"Lost in the Meritocracy: The Undereducation of an Overachiever," Walter Kirn's 2009 memoir, is a scathing and frequently comical indictment of the American educational system and the concept of a merit-based society in general. Kirn's journey from a rural Minnesota upbringing to Princeton University's esteemed halls is chronicled in the book; this path was supposedly paved by academic ambition and high test scores. Kirn's experience, however, exposes a system that, in his opinion, places more value on the unrelenting pursuit of credentials and points than on sincere intellectual curiosity and personal development.

"Lost in the Meritocracy" is fundamentally an examination of disillusionment. Kirn describes how he felt empty and "under-educated" despite being an "overachiever" because of his unwavering pursuit of success within the conventional parameters of academic achievement. The tyranny of credentials and testing, the "undereducation" of an overachiever, the critique of elite institutions, social class and belonging, and the price of conformity are some of the major themes.

Walter Kirn is one of my favorite writers, and this book, like his satirical novel Thumbsucker, was fun to read.

Extravagant Love

A Fairly Honourable Defeat 

by Iris Murdoch

“You are preserving your dignity by refusing to show your feelings. But there are moments when love ought to be undignified, extravagant, even violent.”

― Iris Murdoch, A Fairly Honourable Defeat

Hilda and Rupert are a perfect match. Their only concerns are Morgan, Hilda's unstable sister who recently returned from America, and their son, who dropped out. Morgan's ex-lover, Julius, arrives with the intention of mildly upending Rupert and Hilda's seemingly unbreakable marriage. His opponent, Tallis, Morgan's husband, is surprisingly spirited. The conflict between two demonic creatures—one good and one evil—is the subject of this story. It is a fairly honorable defeat for the good, but the evil one prevails. 

I was introduced to Iris Murdoch's writing for the first time through this book when it was published in the 1970s. However, I will not go into too much detail about it here other than to say that my youthful impression has been confirmed again and again over the decades. I just say that it is a really gripping, sinister tale that I really liked. Each of the characters was incredibly interesting in their own unique way, and the tense relationships that resulted maintained the level of interest.

Store of Days

Days Without End 

by Sebastian Barry

“A man’s memory might have only a hundred clear days in it and he has lived thousands. Can’t do much about that. We have our store of days and we spend them like forgetful drunkards.”   ― Sebastian Barry, Days Without End











The interwoven lives of Irish immigrant Thomas McNulty and his devoted friend John Cole are followed as they traverse the harsh realities of 19th-century America in this stirring and poetic book. Young Thomas, who is fleeing the Great Famine, meets John right away after arriving in America. They spend their formative years in a gritty mining town as cross-dressing dancers. They later join the American Army and fight in both the Civil War and the Indian Wars. Their intense love for one another and their adopted Sioux daughter, Winona, shines through the violence and adversity as a source of strength and hope. The book, which is told in Thomas's unique and moving voice, examines themes of love, loss, identity, and the terrible effects of prejudice and war.

I enjoyed Barry's exceptional writing style, finding it both poetic and visceral. The narration had a unique blend of wit, innocence, and profound wisdom. The novel is an unflinching portrayal of the Indian Wars and the Civil War, offering a fresh perspective on these tumultuous periods through the eyes of an Irish immigrant. But it is also a powerful love story: the deep and unconventional love between Thomas and John is a central element, one I found sincere in its tenderness and strength in the face of adversity.

Paths of Their Souls

Christ Stopped at Eboli: 

The Story of a Year 

by Carlo Levi

“The greatest travelers have not gone beyond the limits of their own world; they have trodden the paths of their own souls, of good and evil, of morality and redemption.” ― Carlo Levi, Christ Stopped at Eboli: The Story of a Year






The moving and powerful memoir "Christ Stopped at Eboli" by Carlo Levi provides a rare window into the lives of poor peasants in the isolated southern Italian region of Lucania (now Basilicata) during the Fascist era. Levi, a sophisticated urban intellectual, painter, and doctor from Turin, was exiled to this remote region in 1935–1936 for his anti-Fascist views. At first, he feels a great sense of cultural shock and alienation.

The region's sense of complete forgetfulness and isolation from civilization, progress, and even Christian compassion is reflected in the title, which is based on a local proverb. Levi eloquently describes a world that appears to have remained unaltered by time, where everyday life is governed by antiquated traditions, superstitions, and a pervasive fatalism. He painstakingly details the difficult terrain, the primitive way of life, the occurrence of malaria, and the intricate social networks of the peasant societies. I found the book to be a loving tribute to another place and time.

Literary Impressions

Old School 

by Tobias Wolff

“We even talked like Hemingway characters, though in travesty, as if to deny our discipleship: That is your bed, and it is a good bed, and you must make it and you must make it well. Or: Today is the day of the meatloaf. The meatloaf is swell. It is swell but when it is gone the not-having meatloaf will be tragic and the meatloaf man will not come anymore.” ― Tobias Wolff, Old School





Set in the sacred corridors of a prestigious New England boarding school in the early 1960s, Old School is a gripping book that explores the complexities of ambition, identity, and the enticing power of literature.  The narrative is told by an unidentified scholarship recipient, a gifted but insecure young man who is desperate to pursue a career in writing and is trying to find his place among his wealthy peers.

The main idea centers on the school's custom of inviting three well-known authors annually: Ernest Hemingway, Ayn Rand, and Robert Frost. Every visit includes a literary contest, with the winner receiving the coveted chance to meet the esteemed visitor. The narrator and his classmates' lives revolve around these visits and the competitions that follow, which exacerbates their fierce rivalry and highlights their weaknesses.

The narrator, who hides his working-class upbringing and Jewish ancestry, longs to be accepted. In an attempt to obtain a sort of "anointing" that will validate his destined greatness, he first looks to literary idols for validation. His interactions with Frost, and particularly the divisive Ayn Rand, have a profound impact on how he interprets literature and the life of the author. He becomes briefly enamored with Rand's philosophy of radical individualism but ultimately finds her worldview and characters unrealistic and cold. This leads him to a deeper appreciation for the nuanced humanity in Ernest Hemingway's work.

Nuggets of Wisdom

The Passionate State of Mind: 

And Other Aphorisms 

by Eric Hoffer

"Every intense desire is perhaps basically a desire to be different from what we are." - Eric Hoffer







This book is characterized by its concise and impactful statements. Each aphorism is a nugget of wisdom, often challenging conventional thinking and offering fresh perspectives on familiar themes. This format makes it a book that can be savored slowly, with each sentence prompting reflection. Hoffer's aphorisms are not always comforting or predictable. He often presents paradoxes and challenges readers to question their assumptions about themselves and the world around them.

One of the main themes, as the title implies, is how emotions, especially strong ones like passion, love, hate, fear, and vanity, influence both individual behavior and large-scale movements. Hoffer investigates the causes, expressions, and effects of these.

Hoffer's strength is his capacity to condense difficult concepts into straightforward but impactful assertions. He makes observations on a wide range of subjects, such as self-worth, leadership, creativity, social change, and the nature of belief, based on his extensive reading and firsthand experiences as a longshoreman.

Even though "The Passionate State of Mind" was written decades ago, its insights are still relevant today. His insights on the dynamics of social unrest, the pursuit of belonging, and fanaticism are still remarkably applicable today.

Poetic Thinking and Feeling

The Double Flame:    

Love and Eroticism 

by Octavio Paz

“To live is also to think, and sometimes to cross that border beyond which feeling and thinking become one: poetry. Meanwhile,”  ― Octavio Paz, The Double Flame: Essays on Love & Eroticism

Octavio Paz's The Double Flame is a lengthy examination and discussion that takes readers on a thorough tour through Western love history. Paz highlights the significance of Arabic culture during the so-called Dark Ages, travels to ancient Greece, Alexandria, and Rome, and documents the emergence and decline of Provençal poetry and culture during the Middle Ages. With particular appreciation for Surrealism's focus on exclusive love, he concludes his analysis in the modern era. He studies the philosophical and literary traditions of each period, occasionally examining particular poems in relation to eroticism and love. The importance of women's status in society is evident from his survey; as Paz states, "the history of love is inseparable from the history of the freedom of women." True love could not exist if a culture forbade women from actively participating in romantic relationships.

Paz is a literary and cultural critic in addition to being a cultural historian. His view of modern culture is rather pessimistic. He considers the current state of affairs to be pathetic since he feels that love cannot exist without respect for both the body and the soul. Capitalism has desecrated the body and turned it into a commercial tool, while the soul (or psyche) has been ignored or suppressed. Love is impossible if one does not have a soulful respect for the body and acknowledge the existence of the soul, which is what makes each person unique. Paz calls for a discussion between philosophers, artists, and scientists in order to revive the value of love in human culture. For the reader, this perspective on Eros and its past is both amusing and instructive.

Things Couldn't Be Righter

Will Grayson, Will Grayson 

by John Green

“Nothing's wrong. Everything's right. Things couldn't be righter. Things could be less tired. They could be less busy. They could be less caffeinated. But they couldn't be righter.”― John Green, Will Grayson, Will Grayson

I am reminded of how much things have changed by this book. This novel would not have been possible years ago, when homosexuality was not even discussed, much less celebrated, in high school. If you believe news reports about bullying and worse, it still seems a little bit like a fantasy. However, this is fiction, and it is written well. It tells the tale of two teenage boys named Will Grayson who lead very different lives and reside in different Chicago suburbs until their paths unexpectedly cross and result in a life-changing experience. The book switches between their points of view, with Levithan writing one chapter and Green writing the other, each of which reflects their unique voices and challenges.

John Green’s first Will Grayson is a humorous, self-deprecating man who lives by the maxim "don’t care too much," in part to keep his life simple and in part to avoid trouble. His best friend, Tiny Cooper—a larger-than-life, flamboyantly gay football player—drags him into a whirlwind of drama, including a musical Tiny’s producing about his own life. The second Will Grayson, penned by Levithan, is a darker, more introspective character battling depression, isolation, and a complicated relationship with his mother. He’s also grappling with his sexuality and a budding online romance with a boy named Isaac, which takes a sharp turn when they plan to meet in person.

The plot kicks off when the two Wills meet by chance in a porn store (a quirky, awkward setup that’s pure John Green). From there, their lives intertwine through Tiny, who becomes a bridge between their worlds. The story explores themes of identity, friendship, love, and self-acceptance, all wrapped in a mix of humor, heartache, and teenage messiness. Tiny’s musical, which culminates in a grand performance, serves as a literal and metaphorical stage for the characters to confront their feelings and grow.

The narrative demonstrates authentic dialogue and emotional depth. Green’s Will brings the sarcastic, nerdy charm fans of The Fault in Our Stars will recognize, while Levithan’s Will offers a raw, poetic look at mental health and queer identity. The collaboration shines in how seamlessly the two narratives blend, even with their tonal differences. Tiny Cooper is a standout—hilarious, over-the-top, and genuinely moving as he pushes both Wills to step out of their comfort zones.

That said, the book is not flawless. The premise of two kids with the same name meeting seems a bit contrived, and the musical subplot feels like it overshadows the quieter character moments. The ending, while uplifting, ties things up a little too neatly for a story about such messy lives. Still, it’s a fan favorite, often lauded for its heart and its unapologetic celebration of individuality.

Ancient Wisdom

Confucian Analects, 

The Great Learning & 

The Doctrine of the Mean 

by Confucius

“By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest.”
― Confucious

I have spent the last few weeks reading, thinking about, and contemplating James Legge's classic translation of Confucius, Confucian Analects, The Great Learning, and The Doctrine of the Mean. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 B.C., is the source of all works that have been condensed over centuries.

"The Analects of Confucius are the oldest complete intellectual and spiritual portrait of a man," Elias Canetti succinctly put it. It seems like a contemporary book. Additionally, this reader finds the book to be very un-Western and challenging to understand. Despite this, there are many similarities between western wisdom and Confucian thought. One of the most well-known theories is "reciprocity."

15.24 Zigong asked: "Is there any single word that could guide one's entire life?" The Master said, "Should it not be reciprocity? What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others." (Simon Leys trans., p 77)


The more well-known "Golden Rule," which states that one should "do unto others as one would have them do unto you," is complemented by that. One gains an appreciation for culture, family, and what appears to be a conservative view of man after reading the aphorisms. Additionally, it is a very humanistic and compassionate perspective on society.

Given the significant changes in Confucius's society during his lifetime, it appears that this was exactly what was required. He lived in a time of profound cultural upheaval. Like Western thinkers from Socrates to Gandhi, Confucius exuded confidence, which attracted people to him and his ideas. For what little we do have of Confucius' ideas, we can thank them. His ideas are condensed in these books and fragments, and I find them to be worth considering. This is a human treasure.

Mind and Body

Discourse on Method 

and Meditations on First Philosophy 

by René Descartes

“The reading of all good books is like conversation with the finest men of past centuries.” ― René Descartes

The foundational works of modern philosophy, René Descartes' Discourse on the Method (1637) and Meditations on First Philosophy (1641), signaled a dramatic turn toward rationalism and the growth of the scientific method. Their importance stems from Descartes' insistence that reason is the main source of knowledge, his systematic skepticism, and his effort to provide a solid basis for human comprehension.

Descartes describes his method of learning in Discourse on the Method, which is renowned for being summed up in the expression "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"). Its autobiographical style and its introduction of a methodical approach to doubt—questioning everything that can be questioned—to arrive at certain truths make this work noteworthy. He suggests four guidelines for thinking clearly: break problems down into their component parts, start with the simple and work your way up to the complex, accept only what is clear and distinct, and thoroughly review. His contributions to mathematics, such as Cartesian coordinates, and his goal of using reason to bridge the gap between philosophy and science are also reflected in the Discourse.

Thoughts on the first philosophy begins by exploring metaphysics and epistemology in greater detail and expands on this. In order to arrive at the conviction that he is a thinking being, Descartes methodically questions his senses, the outside world, and even the existence of his own body through six meditations. He then makes the case for God's existence (using the ontological and causal arguments) and asserts that knowledge is based on distinct and unclouded perceptions, which are ensured by an unfaithful God. The mind-body dualism, which distinguishes the material body from the immaterial mind, is a topic that is still relevant in both philosophy and science.

For Book Lovers

The Reading Life: 

The Joy of Seeing New Worlds 

Through Others' Eyes 

by C.S. Lewis

“No book is really worth reading at the age of ten which is not equally – and often far more – worth reading at the age of fifty and beyond.” ― C.S. Lewis

C.S. Lewis's "The Reading Life: The Joy of Seeing New Worlds Through Others’ Eyes" is a carefully chosen compilation of his thoughts on reading, literature, and the creative potential of books rather than a single, coherent piece of writing. The book, which was edited by David C. Downing and Michael G. Maudlin, presents Lewis's ideas on the craft, meaning, and pleasure of reading by drawing from his vast collection of essays, letters, and other writings. With titles like "The Chronicles of Narnia," "Mere Christianity," and "The Screwtape Letters," this 2019 book gives readers an insight into the thoughts and writings of one of the most significant authors and thinkers of the 20th century. 

In addition to being a celebration of literature, the book demonstrates Lewis's continuing relevance. It captures his view that reading is an active interaction with concepts, feelings, and realities that influence our identities rather than a passive activity. According to Lewis, books are more than just items; they are also friends that encourage, challenge, and soothe us. In a time when digital distractions frequently eclipse the slower, more profound joys of reading, this strikes a chord.

Lewis's larger intellectual goal of bridging the gap between the everyday and the eternal is also reflected in the book. Though he stays away from dogma and concentrates on common human experiences, his Christian faith subtly influences his opinions, as seen in allusions to the Gospels or the moral implications of stories. For this reason, "The Reading Life" is a good match for his more overtly narrative or theological writings.

"The Reading Life" is a delightful, if not revolutionary, contribution to the legacy of C.S. Lewis. With its blend of poetic reflections on the power of literature and practical advice (e.g., prioritize the old and reread what you love), it provides a window into his lifelong love affair with books. Although readers looking for a completely unique work might not find it satisfying, it is a successful short, motivational manual for book lovers. This book is a sincere affirmation of the pleasures and rewards of the reading life for people who agree with Lewis that "those of us who have been true readers all our life seldom fully realize the enormous extension of our being which we owe to authors."

Covert Cultural Salvager

Too Loud a Solitude 

by Bohumil Hrabal

“I can be by myself because I'm never lonely; I'm simply alone, living in my heavily populated solitude, a harum-scarum of infinity and eternity, and Infinity and Eternity seem to take a liking to the likes of me.” ― Bohumil Hrabal, Too Loud a Solitude

Too Loud a Solitude by Bohumil Hrabal is a compact yet profound novella that blends dark humor, existential reflection, and a tender love for literature into a unique reading experience. Published in 1976 and translated from Czech, this slim work—only 98 pages in my paperback edition—packs a surprising emotional and philosophical punch.

The narrative centers on Hantá, an elderly, reclusive man who has run a wastepaper compactor in Prague for 35 years. Under the careful supervision of the communist regime, his job is to destroy books—tons of them—pulped into oblivion. Hantá, however, is more than just a worker; he is a covert cultural salvager who saves books from the press and hoards them in his small apartment until the ceiling creaks with their weight. He reflects on his life, his lost love, and the unrelenting advance of modernity that threatens his peaceful, bookish existence, giving us a mixture of absurdity and melancholy through his peculiar, stream-of-consciousness narration.

Hrabal's prose, as translated into English by Michael Henry Heim, is remarkable; it is lyrical, dense, and purposefully repetitive, reflecting Hantá's compulsive thoughts. The text has a hypnotic rhythm due to recurring phrases like "I am a jug filled with water, both magic and plain." The story veers between memory, philosophy, and detailed descriptions of Hantá's grimy work, such as the rats he fights or the "beautiful" bales of compressed paper he carefully crafts, so it is not an easy read for those who prefer linear storytelling. However, if you embrace its rhythm, it is strangely captivating.

The book's themes include the fragility of knowledge in a world where censorship is common, the conflict between tradition and progress, and the quiet dignity of a marginalized life. The regime's contempt for books stands in stark contrast to Hantá's admiration for them, claiming to be "educated" by the passages he reads before they are destroyed. His dual roles as a destroyer and a preserver are tragically ironic, and Hrabal makes the most of it. The novella also pays homage to Czech absurdism and Kafka, but it is less depressing because of Hantá's humor and little acts of defiance.

Up until the shocking conclusion, which I will not give away but will say feels both inevitable and eerie, it is more of a character study than a narrative with a distinct arc. Wrapped in a voice so unique that it lingers long after the last page, it is a love letter to books and a middle finger to those who would burn them. It is a gem if you enjoy eccentric, introspective books and do not mind a slow burn. I and you as well may enjoy it with a strong beverage—Hantá would be pleased, considering how often his thoughts are dripping with beer.

Shadows of Our Past

Quichotte 

by Salman Rushdie

“We walk unknowing amid the shadows of our past and, forgetting our history, are ignorant of ourselves." ― Salman Rushdie, Quichotte

Salman Rushdie's Quichotte is a sophisticated and incredibly creative book that presents a modern interpretation of Cervantes' beloved Don Quixote. The book explores themes of fiction, reality, and the impact of mass media as it reimagines Don Quixote for the contemporary era. It is a satire of modern American culture, specifically the overabundance of social media and television and the fuzziness of the distinction between fact and fiction.

The novel uses a story inside a story, creating a multi-layered narrative. Quichotte, a traveling salesman who develops an obsession with a TV personality, is a character created by author Sam DuChamp. Rushdie is able to examine the nature of storytelling itself as well as the relationship between author and character thanks to this metafictional framework. The novel addresses a wide range of current issues, such as the opioid crisis, political polarization, the influence of media on perception, and the pursuit of love and connection in a fractured world. The narrative explores how unreality contaminates reality.

Rushdie's signature style is on full display, with its blend of magical realism, satire, and playful language. The novel is filled with literary references and allusions. While I did not agree with all of the opinions expressed in the novel, I would agree that the book is often a very relevant commentary on the current state of society. In essence, "Quichotte" is a bold and ambitious novel that challenges readers to question the nature of reality and the power of storytelling.

Survival of an Author

Knife: 

Meditations After an Attempted Murder 

by Salman Rushdie

“we would not be who we are today without the calamities of our yesterdays.”   ― Salman Rushdie, Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder

Salman Rushdie’s Knife: Meditations After an Attempted Murder is a raw and introspective memoir that chronicles the author’s survival of a near-fatal stabbing in August 2022, as well as his reflections on life, art, and freedom in its aftermath. Written with one eye and limited use of one hand due to injuries sustained in the attack, the book is a personal reflection as well as a more general reflection on the forces that have influenced Rushdie's life, particularly the fatwa that was issued against him in 1989 after The Satanic Verses was published.

Rushdie opens with the brutal irony of the attack at the Chautauqua Institution, where he was getting ready to give a speech about defending writers from harm. He was stabbed 15 times in 27 seconds by a man in black who hurried onto the stage, leaving him partially paralyzed and blind in one eye. Gripping and unflinching, the first chapters describe the physical trauma and the immediate aftermath in a way that is both horrific and compassionate. Rushdie's ability to inject humor into this gloom—wailing over the destruction of his Ralph Lauren suit in the midst of the mayhem—gives a hint of his tenacity and unique voice.

The memoir unfolds in two broad movements: the attack and recovery, followed by a more reflective exploration of its meaning. Rushdie doesn’t dwell excessively on The Satanic Verses controversy, asserting that the assault by his attacker (referred to only as “the A”) wasn’t truly about that book—the assailant had barely read it. Instead, he frames the incident as a collision of personal and civilizational forces—a loner’s misguided rage intersecting with decades of ideological tension. This is where Knife shines as a literary work: Rushdie uses his novelist’s eye to probe the absurdity and tragedy of the event, imagining conversations with his attacker to grapple with motives that remain opaque.

Stylistically, the book is quintessential Rushdie—long, winding sentences peppered with literary allusions, from Shakespeare to Beckett, and a playful yet pointed use of language (e.g., calling his assailant “the Asinine man”). The prose is often lyrical and profound, especially when he reflects on love—particularly for his wife, Eliza Griffiths, whose support anchors his healing—or the power of art to defy violence.

In the end, Knife is Rushdie reclaiming his narrative—refusing to be defined solely as a victim. It’s not his deepest work philosophically, nor his most polished, but it’s among his most human. For readers new to Rushdie, it’s an accessible entry into his world; for longtime fans, it’s a testament to his enduring spirit. As he writes, “Language was my knife”—and with it, he carves meaning from chaos.